催化剂,征服,残酷 - 为什么历史上最伟大的帝国被遗忘了
蒙古帝国对现代世界的发明。
“我是上帝的狂热。如果您没有造成巨大的罪过,上帝就不会对我施加惩罚。”
几百人crest着一座沙丘。他们的领先骑手停了下来,将左手抬高到肩膀上。
他们站在Kyzyl Kum的边缘,在历史文本中寓言是坚不可摧的红色沙漠。南布哈拉(Bukhara)几英里,这是一个虔诚的宗教虔诚的城市,对忠实的穆斯林和对该地区许多商人的丰厚无关。
看到布哈拉边境城市后,该组织放松了他们的游行几乎悠闲的步伐。他们经历了两千英里的山脉,沙漠和草原,覆盖距离的距离比任何其他军队的距离都要大。他们的旅行很顺利,因为布哈拉人民从未考虑过从沙漠接近的军队的可能性。
布哈拉(Bukhara)拥有超过2万士兵,捍卫了大门和强大的墙壁。每个士兵都装甲,并配备了一套标准的武器。该市拥有大量的军事资源储量,并拥有良好的供应线,载有各种各样的商品。
The group resting on the edge of the desert was in stark contrast, not only to the city of Bukhara but to almost any major army of the period. They had traveled lightly, without a supply train. They lacked proper armory and did not carry with them typical tools of siege, such as cannons or catapults. And most conspicuously, they were far outnumbered. Yet, this small army would conquer Bukhara with crushing force and establish their absolute dominance over the city and its people.
Several of the neighboring cities were first captured. Generous terms of surrender were proposed while defiance was met with incredible cruelty. As the neighboring cities fell, Bukhara was flooded with frightened refugees, instigating an agonizing balance between public terror and urgency of which was carefully manipulated by their invaders. By striking deep behind enemy lines, panic and havoc immediately reached every corner of the kingdom.
士兵们放弃了他们的要塞和车站。逃离的士兵稀薄地蔓延到沙漠中,通常是在夜晚的幌子下,他们的驻军侵略者很容易将他们砍倒。几天后,城市中只有五百名土耳其士兵。出于恐惧,他们在布哈拉城堡后面封锁了自己。
平民迅速投降,向入侵者开放。勇士们充满信心地大步穿越大门,完全没有反对。一旦到达了城市中心的大型清真寺,他们的领导人就开始对这座城市的系统性掠夺,将280名最富有的公民中的每一个都分配给他自己的战士,以从公民的住所中收集宝藏。他们的领导人将注意力转向攻击仍然在城堡中挑战的突厥士兵。
“墙壁的力量取决于守卫他们的人的勇气。”
尽管不熟悉侵略者,但除侵略者还是不熟悉土耳其人的部落起源。先前的部落军队,无论其勇敢或精致,都可能不会对自己的工业化和城市军队构成威胁。
这支部落军远离他们的祖国。他们的领导人出生于Temüjin,Temüjin是强大的Tayichiud氏族和他的妻子的杰出首席屈服者的产物,他被绑架为现有的conc umbine。Temüjin的彻底改革和统一蒙古高原的游牧部落的能力归因于他年轻时就吸收的纯粹残酷和残酷。
Temüjin的成长经历包括为草原寿命的最低水平保留的活动。他的家人像其他任何动物一样生活,那里采购小水果,根和老鼠构成了它们的大部分存在。他在青春期被一个竞争对手的氏族奴役,在残酷的条件下,他花了多达十年的时间与奴隶的社会地位。在他的奴役中,Temüjin敏锐地了解了人性及其最脆弱的剥削领域。
Upon escape, through remarkably intelligent manipulation, Temüjin rose rapidly through the Keraites clan to a position of leadership. An inevitable revolt was staged, Temüjin gaining the upper hand and in one sweeping war, conquered every clan that resided on the Mongolian Plateau. Here, the story becomes rather familiar. Temüjin titled himself Genghis Khan, the unrivaled ruler of what he named the Great Mongol Nation. Up until his death in 1227, he orchestrated the Mongol World War, ending with an empire twice as large as the Roman Empire or Islamic Caliphate, second only to the British. He is ranked by some historians to be the wealthiest man in history.
Even at the age of 60, his vigor and militaristic genius had not left him. In addition to his soldiers, he had brought along a team of highly adept engineers. The battle of Bukhara was late in the Mongolian conquest of Eurasia; Genghis’s engineers had already accumulated an extensive aggregate of technological knowledge from conquered civilizations. Within minutes, enormous and prolific instruments of siege were constructed employing materials found in the city. Loaded with an early version of mortar shells, its ammunition shattered the structure of the citadel on contact. The engineers built mobile platforms that raised Mongol archers to eye level with the citadel. The sky went dark as a myriad of flamed iron-tipped arrows inundated the Turkic soldiers. Ladders were quickly strung up against the remaining citadel walls. In seconds, the interior was engulfed by Mongol warriors. Turkic soldiers were either slaughtered in the citadel or slaughtered when attempting to flee.
“There is no good in anything until it is finished.”
在成吉斯的征服之后,最初的破坏和混乱是短暂的。总体而言,经济发展和文化互动在蒙古帝国蓬勃发展,并在四个统治王国分为四个统治王国后持续了很长时间。成吉人了解贸易与经济繁荣之间的相关性。在蒙古人之前,后古典世界的伟大贸易路线已经下降以取消,主要归因于更多且严格严格执行的边界随着犯罪的增加。成吉人下令修复不断变化的路线和新的路线。在贸易路线上犯下的犯罪受到了令人难以置信的严厉后果。
蒙古人提出了许多进步政策。他们以宗教宽容和合理的税收统治。成吉斯和他的主管并不贪婪,大多数收集的税收都回到了帝国中。成吉斯也是奴隶制的坚定对手。
An efficient postal system was implemented. For every 20 to 30 miles of road, Genghis ordered the construction of postal stations comprised of a large central station, corrals, and outbuildings. Messages traveled quickly across the vast acreage of the empire. Abuse of the system was strictly prohibited.
为称为Ortogh的商人形成了保护性关联。给予交易者免税而不是勒索主义税率。蒙古人向商人提供了护照,使他们可以安全地沿着丝绸之路行驶。向外交官发出了具体护照,以确保安全并作为外交交流的地位证明。蒙古人甚至以低利息向商人借钱。如果将纸用作货币,则由标准数量的丝绸和贵金属提供支持。
The last traces of the Mongol Empire dissipated around the fruition of the Second World War. Mongolia fell under the control of the Soviet Union, governed as a satellite and yet considered formally by most foreign nations to be a mere province of China. The Mongolian people provided economic support in regards to labor and manufacturing to the Soviets and Germans for the duration of the war. Soviets eradicated considerable amounts of Mongolian history and heritage in an attempt to instill Soviet nationalism as a replacement. Genghis’s homeland and place of burial were sealed off as a militarized zone and remained untouched until 1989 when Mongolia and the Soviet Union finalized plans for withdrawal.
目前,国际货币基金组织在182个国家中的人均国内生产总值排名第125。联合国发展计划在人类发展中的182名中排名第115,世界经济论坛在全球竞争力中排名第117位。
对于大多数人来说,历史描绘了蒙古人的糟糕形象。成吉思·汗(Genghis Khan)及其帝国以及随后的领导人和州都以负面的含义进行了说法。践踏文明和高级社会的野蛮部落的描述在许多人的角度牢牢抓住。确实,该国的现状是强化了这种信念。直到最近,蒙古才恢复了历史和人类学研究。研究蒙古历史的困难是由于缺乏身体遗迹和兴趣时期的写作所致。近年来,人类学家杰克·韦瑟福(Jack Weatherford)和历史学家约翰·曼(John Man)等人的作品有助于将蒙古历史引入主流兴趣和消费。
一个国家的历史总是与其社会的基本面有关,就文化,习俗,外交关系和爱国主义而言。蒙古国家在上一个千年中的发展和下降证明了所描述的概念。它的成功是相对于其时期的。与大多数帝国一样,蒙古帝国在成吉斯死亡留下的集中权力突然真空之后,立即开始下降。随着世界各地的创新继续进行,蒙古人落后于落后,特别是因为他们未能以欧洲人的速度或熟练程度掌握火药的使用,这使他们的弓箭和箭,无论多么复杂,无关紧要。
事实证明,苏联对破裂的蒙古部落的统治是最后的打击。苏维埃了解起义的必要要素。他们试图删除蒙古历史记录的工件和记录,以消除在民族自豪感中复兴的可能性,而试图决定经济发展的企图保证了蒙古人可以积累的财富限制。
从14世纪开始的人类文明欠蒙古人的债务不可估量。在与伊斯兰国家交流之后,希腊和罗马文本的振兴以及印刷,火药的巨大影响以及海上技术的传播使欧洲能够体验复兴。欧洲人通过大量使用丝绸之路,对亚洲商品产生了永不满足的口味,促使西欧商人向西航行并偶然发现了美国大陆。
蒙古人建立的系统和实践是全球化的先驱。他们的许多价值观和政策已经编织成现代文明的公理。蒙古人对我们物种进展的贡献经常受到破坏,但很少有帝国,甚至更少的人留下了像成吉思汗和蒙古高原部落一样持久和杰出的印记。
“我将按照固定的法律统治它们,以便在世界上占上风。”
所使用的所有引号均被认为来自成吉斯汗。